Understanding Expectancy Theory in Motivation

What is Expectancy Theory?

Expectancy theory postulates that people are motivated when they know that extra effort will be recognized and rewarded (Vroom, 1964). As a result, companies with performance-linked compensation can expect improvements. Performance-based payments can tie rewards to the amount of product an employee produces. One of the most common examples of expectation theory is people who work hard when they believe that extra effort will help them reach their goals and get rewarded. If your team is feeling unmotivated as a manager, it could be because: You don't appreciate the rewards that come with your work.

The Expectancy Model of Motivation

Sarah's motivation aligns with the expectancy model of motivation. She plans to practice typing at home 3 nights a week until her typing speed improves, demonstrating a belief that her efforts will lead to improved performance and recognition at work.

Expectancy theory, as proposed by Victor Vroom in 1964, emphasizes the importance of individuals' beliefs that their efforts will lead to desired outcomes. In Sarah's case, she is exhibiting a high level of expectancy, believing that her practice will result in improved typing speed and recognition at work.

Expectancy theory suggests that individuals are motivated to exert effort when they believe that their efforts will lead to positive outcomes, such as rewards, recognition, or advancement. This belief in the relationship between effort and outcomes is influenced by three key factors:

1. Expectancy

This is the belief that increased effort will lead to improved performance. In Sarah's situation, she expects that practicing typing will enhance her speed and accuracy, ultimately leading to better reports at work.

2. Valence

Valence refers to the value or attractiveness an individual places on the anticipated outcome. Sarah values the potential improvement in her typing speed and the recognition that may come with it, making this outcome desirable to her.

3. Instrumentality

Instrumentality is the belief that performance will be rewarded or recognized. Sarah believes that her improved typing speed will be acknowledged by her employer, indicating a strong sense of instrumentality in her motivation model.

In conclusion, Sarah's motivation aligns with the expectancy model, demonstrating a clear belief in the relationship between her efforts, performance, and rewards. By understanding and applying expectancy theory in the workplace, employers can create a motivating environment that encourages employees to work towards achieving their goals and contributing to organizational success.